美国西雅图代写作业:霍布斯理论

2019-01-30 22:21

通过对霍布斯的主权理论进行一系列的修改来讨论洛克是最容易的。当然，这两种理论之间的差异要复杂得多，但就论文而言，足以确定三个密切相关的关键差异。首先，洛克驳斥了霍布斯的主张(我已经多次证明这是自相矛盾的)，即臣民在从自然状态过渡到主权状态时，实际上放弃了判断其主权的权利和能力。实际上，洛克使契约成为一种双向的协议，而不是一种单向的服从，在他的著作中被称为第十三章的“受托权”。其次，对洛克来说，“最终”的主权永远在于人民。一方面，至高无上的君主永远是上帝，但在他的宝座之下，人们可以相互授权，但永远不会有一个永久的权力等级制度。立法机关的最高权力是人民有条件地授予的;每个人都受其法律的约束，尽管存在分歧。扩展的这个逻辑,洛克两个基本主张主权的概念,霍布斯不采用:一个是没有主权政府的一部分会凌驾于法律之上,另一个是权力随时可以从政府收回,等待协议的人(这些派生探索在第八章中详细介绍。
美国西雅图代写作业:霍布斯理论
It is easiest to discuss Locke by making a series of modifications on Hobbes’s theory of sovereignty. Of course, the difference between the two theories is far more complicated, but in regards to the thesis, it is sufficient to identify three very closely-related, key differences. First, Locke dismisses Hobbes’s assertion (which I have showed to be contradictory multiple times) that subjects give up the right, in fact, the ability, to judge their sovereign when moving from the state of nature to sovereignty. Effectively, Locke makes the contract a two-way agreement instead of a one-way subjection, termed in his works as “fiduciary power” in Chapter XIII. Second, for Locke, ‘ultimate’ sovereignty resides always in the people. One on hand, the supreme sovereign will always be God, but beneath his throne, men can delegate power to one another, but there will never be a permanent hierarchy of power. The supreme power of the legislature is amassed from a conditional grant by the people; every man is bound by its laws, notwithstanding disagreement. By extension of this logic, Locke makes two foundational claims of his notion of sovereignty, which Hobbes does not adopt: one is that no part of the sovereign government will ever be above the law, the other is that power can be retracted from the government at any time, pending agreement of the people (these derivations are explored in detail in Chapters VIII.

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