纽卡斯尔代写Assignment:民主政权

Examples of successful transitions to democracy from authoritarian regimes generally providence evidence to support the view that consensus is vital. The transition to democracy is Spain saw government and opposition officials work together and compromise on a workable constitutional framework – the Pact of Moncloa in October 1977 saw all parties, including Socialists and Communist agreeing on a comprehensive reform programme, whilst in Poland Solidarity and the Communists negotiated the Round Table Agreements in March 1998. In all cases, whether the initial drive towards democracy came from the government, the opposition or both, what was crucial was that key players reached agreement on the most important aspects of the democratisation process and on the new system that was to be created.

Consensus between political elites is of course difficult to achieve. The Czech Republic is often cited as an example of a successful democratic transition but in reality it had difficulties and serves as a good example of the difficulties that can be had. Its first free elections in 1990 saw a large scale turnover of political elites, whilst the majority of the democratic leaders that had overseen the transition losing their seats in the 1992 elections. Consensus with politicians anxious to split with Slovakia proved extremely difficult and it was only after the ‘Velvet Divorce’ that any real degree of consensualism has been achieved in Czech politics. Likewise, in Neighbouring Slovakia the democratic transition has had teething problems, with a more noticeable exclusion of losers in elections from political influence. There, Vladimir Meciar, a nationalist-populist leader has enjoyed electoral success with a coalition government and taken the fragmentation of opposition groups as an opportunity to purge opponents from elite positions and take a firmer control of the media. Notably, the opposition groups that he looked to defeat appeared more committed to democracy and market reforms than the hard-line Prime Minister His bitter struggle to oust President Kovac from office indicated a politician with little interest in achieving political consensualism within his country.

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