美国环境资源作业代写 制度安排

2020-06-13 21:53

在继续之前，让我们更好地了解一下制度安排。制度安排是指正式的政府和非正式的组织结构，包括协调和承担一个国家不同政策问题的规范(UN-GGIM)。这些安排为制定和执行政策提供了框架，发挥了关键作用。非正式组织结构是指非官方机构，如私营部门、非政府机构、不以营利为目的的组织，以及一般人。此外，制度安排在本质上是动态的，因为决定因素之间不断相互作用，因此会随着时间和环境不断变化。根据开发计划署的定义，体制安排是各组织为有效地立法、计划和管理其活动以及有效地与其他人协调以履行其任务而使用的政策、制度和程序。例如，各国可以通过制定激励措施，鼓励技术工人留下、大学毕业后回国，或短期前来参与具体项目，从“人才流失”转变为“人才获取”。这种努力可涉及大学、公共行政和私营部门，并可包括支助制订公务员制度的择优征聘标准。农业的各个方面都受到制度安排的影响。从资源管理、研究和发展、推广、信贷、销售和贸易等各个方面都不可避免地出现了这种现象。世界各地都有证据表明，制度安排已被纳入农业的可持续发展，并随着时间的推移而演变。
美国环境资源作业代写 制度安排
 Before going forward let’s have a better understanding of institutional arrangements.  Institutional arrangements refer to formal government as well as informal organizational structures including norms which are framed for coordinating and undertaking different policy issues in a country (UN-GGIM). These arrangements play a crucial role by providing a framework to formulate and implement policies. Informal organizational structures refer to non-official institutions like private sector, non governmental bodies, not for profit organizations, as well as people in general. Also, institutional arrangements are dynamic in nature due to continuous interaction between deciding factors and hence keep on changing with time and context.As per UNDP definition Institutional arrangements are the policies, systems, and processes that organizations use to legislate, plan and manage their activities efficiently and to effectively coordinate with others in order to fulfill their mandate. For example, countries can move from “brain drain” to “brain gain” by creating incentives to encourage skilled workers to remain, to return after university, or to come on a short-term basis to engage in specific projects. Such an effort could involve universities, public administration and the private sector, and could include supporting the development of merit-based recruitment criteria for civil service.No aspect of agriculture is untouched by institutional arrangements. It has been inevitable in all the aspects from resource management, research and development, extension, credit and marketing and trade. There have been evidences from all across the world how institutional arrangements have been incorporated for sustainable development of agriculture and have evolved over time.
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